Two Gentlemen in Verona

The Abasement of The Upper Class Most people have a predetermined idea of the levels of a social hierarchy. They presume that the upper class is noble, proper and educated while the lower class is of the opposite; the lower class work for the upper class and thus cannot possibly exceed the caliber of the upper class. Shakespeare upends this predetermined notion by utilizing the characters to convey a strong sense of role reversal throughout The Two Gentlemen of Verona.This role reversal upsets the stereotypical social hierarchy and strongly suggests that the upper class may not be as highly esteemed as they are perceived to be. Loyalty is an underlying theme throughout the play. Symbols of loyalty prompt the reader to not only compare the loyalty of a servant’s relationship with an upperclassman’s relationship but also conclude that this comparison often leads to the degradation of the upper class characters. Proteus refers to himself as â€Å"spaniel-like† (4. 2 . 4) in Act 4; however his actions show that he is the direct opposite of what a spaniel, or a dog, should be like. Judging from his fickle actions of suddenly falling in love with Silvia after swearing to remain faithful to Julia, Proteus is unable to have nearly as much loyalty as a spaniel should have. Thus one can conclude that Proteus is not nearly as loyal as a dog. His condemnable actions lead to an abasement of the upper class and gives way to the idea that the aristocratic aren’t as respectable as they seem to be.The relationship between Lance and Crab can be compared to Proteus and Julia. Lance, the servant has an unusually loyal and selfless relationship with his dog, Crab. It is interesting to note that Lance seems to be more loyal or devoted to Crab, than his dog is to him. In fact, Lance even takes the blame and beating for his dog when Crab his caught â€Å"a pissing† (4. 4. 1) under the table. This loyalty can be compared to Proteus and Julia in that La nce’s selflessly devoted relationship with Crab is a parody of the despicably unfaithful relationship Proteus has with Julia.The â€Å"reversed† relationship between Lance and Crab also gives way to a new and important idea for the rest of the play. Upon closer inspection, one can see that the master, in this case Lance resembles the characteristics of a loyal servant, which should be the role played by Lance’s dog, Crab. The unusual reversal of roles that this master and its dog should have, gives way to a recurring idea – prominent throughout the rest of the play, that the characteristics of the lower class and upper class are interchanged.Speed and Lance are two servants who happen to be servants of two deeply in-love masters. In Act 3 Scene 1, Lance claims that he too, is in love and reveals a list of which he has written down the merits of his lady. Typically, one should assume that this list – coming from an uneducated servant, should not exh ibit a great amount of depth or critical thinking; however this list surprises the reader in its logicality and wittiness, and in addition, reinforces the idea of the switching of hierarchal roles. Items on Lance’s list exhibit great practicality such as â€Å"She can sew† (3. . 298) and â€Å"She can wash and scour† (3. 1. 329). Lance also cleverly transforms flaws into virtues when he describes that â€Å"She hath more hair than wit,† or that she is younger than she is intelligent and â€Å"more fault than hairs,† or more flaws than she is young and â€Å"more wealth than faults† (3. 3. 3) which amalgamates to that she is wealthier than flawed since â€Å"that word (wealth) makes the faults gracious† because Lance understands that in real life, level of wealth is a highly influential, and possibly ultimate deciding factor in marriage or a relationship.The realistic and practical nature of the list shows the maturity and intelligence of Lance, which begs to question the nature of the picturesque but fickle and unsustainable nature of the love affairs of the masters, Valentine and Proteus. This once again reiterates the role reversal of social hierarchy and through the sensibleness of Lance and shows that the upper class may not be as intellectual as they are perceived to be. There are also other smaller remarks in scenes that support the notion that a role reversal suggests the idea that aristocrats may not be as intellectual as them seem to be.For example, in Act 2 Scene 1, when Valentine is reunited with his love, Silvia – Speed provides several asides in which he mockingly says â€Å"a million of manners! † (2. 1. 95) in response to Valentine greeting Silvia with â€Å"a thousand good morrows† (2. 1. 93-4). In this series of asides, the audience can see that the servant is sensibly belittling the absurdity of his master’s love for Silvia. An encounter in Act 3 Scene 1 between the Duke and Valentine also pokes at a role reversal when the Duke, perhaps the character with the highest social class throughout the novel, seeks advice on how to â€Å"court† (3. . 85) his lover, from Valentine: a relatively subordinate character. It is arguable that the Duke only asked Valentine for advice as a part of his scheme to figure out how Valentine has been courting his own daughter, Silvia. However, if one looks at the scene and context secluded from the ulterior intentions, the mere act of a superior asking an inferior for advice heavily suggests that the role reversal of characters in The Two Gentlemen of Verona and ultimately, that the aristocratic, or Duke, is not as almighty and wise as he is assumed to be.Finally, perhaps the most prominent manifestation of role reversal and the abasement of aristocrats lies in the exchange between Valentine and Speed. Throughout the beginning half of the play, Valentine disapproves Proteus’s love for Julia and claims t hat by staying at home with Julia, Proteus will have â€Å"homely wits† (1. 1. 2) and wear out his â€Å"youth with shapeless idleness† (1. 1. 8). However during Act 2 Scene 1, Valentine is criticized by Speed, for the negative effects that he has brought upon himself as a result of his love for Silvia.Speed not only brings attention to the fact that only recently did Valentine â€Å"chid[e] at Sir Proteus for going ungartered† (2. 1. 70) but also has somewhat become blinded by love. During Speed’s observation of Valentine’s state in Act 2 Scene 1, Speed condemns Valentine who now â€Å"walk[s] alone like one that had the pestilence† (2. 1. 21) as a result of being in love with Silvia, when Valentine used to â€Å"walk like one of the lions† (2. 1. 27). As a result of being â€Å"metamorphosed with a mistress† (2. 1. 29-30), when Speed â€Å"look on you [Valentine], I [Speed] can hardly think you my master† (2. . 30-1). This exchange radiates the idea that Speed sees things that Valentine is unable to as well as the idea that Speed is wiser and more intellectual than his superior, Valentine. The latter part of the scene where Speed claims that Valentine’s lover, Silvia, is actually â€Å"not so fair†(2. 1. 51) accentuates both Speed’s expert and knowledgeable as well as Valentine’s increasingly dull and inferior characters. When Valentine questions Speed’s observation of Silvia’s beauty, Speed cleverly notes that â€Å"Because Love is blind† (2. 1. 8), Valentine is unable to see the ugliness of Silvia. In this brief exchange, Valentine and Speed play instead, the inferior and superior roles respectively as Speed lectures Valentine on this love-blind issue. Valentine’s aristocratic character is degraded as Speed didactically enlightens Valentine on the effects of love that he is unable to see. It is questionable that because a big portion of Sh akespeare’s audience was of middle and lower class, he conveyed a sense of abasement of the upper class in The Two Gentlemen of Verona.Thus it can be argued that he utilized this theme as a way to provide pleasure for the audience of his work. Nonetheless, through the various exchanges between master and servant, and servant to servant, one can see that the stereotypical roles of the characters are not congruent with their actual characteristics. Lance’s relationship with his dog both parodies Proteus and Julia and allows the theme of role reversal to manifest itself in their unusual relationship.Lance’s practical list of merits provides a sense of integrity and high intellectual capability for other members of the lower class. The Duke and Valentine suggests a role reversal and finally, Speed’s didactic observation of Valentine’s chronic â€Å"love blindness† allows the audience to see the dullness of the upper class and quick wit of lower class. All these examples amalgamate to a reinforced idea that the roles of the upper class and lower class may be reversed and that the upper class are not nearly as intelligent and esteemed as they are perceived to be.

Non-medical incidents and emergencies that may occur in the work setting Essay

Security incidents Identify the issue and assess appropriate action. First, isolate your responsibilities away from security breech i.e. get children to safety. Call for emergency services to assist, next try to de-escalate the situation if possible but not at risk to personal safety Emergency incidents – (challenging behavior) The degree to which the behavior is affecting other around will make a difference as to how you deal with it. This is different to a security risk as it is assumed that this person is your person responsibility. Firstly, separate the danger from the other participants. Next, attempt to communicate with the individual and calm them down if possible. This may be suggesting a distraction, â€Å"how about we get an ice cream and talk it over† the walk to the shop might be enough to calm them down. If this does not work, emergency services must be called as they have greater knowledge at how to deal with these issues. The individual might not display aggressive challenging behavior. It might take a different form such as self-harm or running away from the campsite. These are extreme situations which can not be allowed to fester. Every second is putting the individual at risk of injury and stress.

Urban Planning Essay Proposal

PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON Assignment #5: Reviewed Proposal Zoe Pearce, 6777341 To: Zahra Azizi Urbs 240 1 PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON 2 This paper will examine the urban agriculture movement currently taking place in Detroit, Michigan and how it is having an effect on the city that the goals and motivations of historical planning initiatives strived to achieve.This paper will aim to shed light on why urban agriculture is an important and relevant new area to be studied and taken into consideration by governments and city planners for the betterment of future cities and the plans that will shape them. I will be utilizing the components of two styles of essay writing: compare and contrast; and categorize and explain.I will be comparing the desired outcomes and motivations that drove historical planning initiatives (of which I will explain in more detail to follow) t o the actual outcomes and effects that citizen-initiated urban agriculture is having on the communities and individual citizens in Detroit. I will ‘categorize’ by assigning each body paragraph a historical movement and explain each ones’ goals, then compare these to the outcomes witnessed in Detroit.This comparison reveals that the goals of famous and major historical planning initiatives are being fulfilled by the means of the movement of UA in Detroit, planners should use the findings of Detroit as a tool to understand how they can replicate it in other plans to stimulate similar results. I will begin by developing the contextual reasons for the movement in Detroit and stating facts gathered through research. This will include the population and job losses that occurred due to the decline of the car industry and how the led to the state the city is now in.I will then introduce what exactly is happening in Detroit in terms of urban agriculture (UA). This will le ad PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON 3 to the description of positive effects it is having on the citizens and communities. These include: health benefits, educational benefits, raising morale, job creation, self empowerment, safety, efficient use of space (Thibert, 2012).Many of these interrelate with each other, so I will be creating broader categories into which they will fit. Each category will be discussed individually in each body paragraph, but the later paragraphs will also draw conclusions that incorporate effects from earlier paragraphs – because many of the effects are interrelated. I have not decided exactly the order in which I will introduce the ideas, but knowing my own writing method, it will come together in the writing process. Cutting and pasting will surely be necessary.The historical planning initiatives I will be examining are as follows: City Beautiful, motivated by citizens at the individual level t o create healthy neighborhoods and happy citizens; Parks and Playground, motivated by getting children off the streets and into safer areas; Garden City, one of the various goals being earning revenue by efficiently placing agricultural work ‘close to the front doors’ of the workers; Henri Saint-Simon, who wanted to improve morale to create better societies (Booth, 1871; Howard, 1902; McArthur, 1975; Peterson, 2003).I will emphasize that the key points to be taken from my paper are not the means of how the initiatives were (intended to be) implemented, but the goals of why the initiative was created. I will conclude my paper by recapping my main arguments, and also stating the relevance of my findings. UA in Detroit is creating healthy, happier and safer communities and neighborhoods. This should be analyzed by city policy makers and urban planners to learn how this is happening and why so these positive effects can be replicated elsewhere in future plans.Lastly, I will mention the implications of this paper by mentioning the new attitude towards food PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON 4 and food culture that is being developed in Detroit, and that if it could be replicated elsewhere in the United States, it could have larger scale positive effects on the crisis of obesity. I began my research by exploring the Concordia Clues dada base, the e-journals Urban History, Planning Perspectives and the database Jstor. Initially I was only looking for information on urban agriculture in Detroit.It was difficult to find articles on this topic, so I watched the documentary ‘Urban Roots'. This gave me an understanding of the effects average citizens involved in UA felt. The academic quality of this source is not as important, because the information I will be taking from this source is not objective, rather it is subjective, qualitative opinions. I then spoke to the professor, Catherine Vandermeulen about my issues finding academic sources; she advised me about an excellent paper written by a PhD student and professional Urban Planner, Joel Thibert.His paper explained that the discipline of UA in North America is new and there is little literature on it. His paper is also based on interviews he personally conducted with citizens involved with UA and their opinions, so between the academic source and the documentary, I had found enough information for which to base my UA portion of the paper. Next I had to find the historical references. I already knew which concepts I wanted to discuss because of learning about them within the previous 2 months in the class this paper is to be submitted for.I used the same means of internet searching as I did for the initial Detroit search. I read through multiple articles on each movement until I found ones that thoroughly discussed the motivations and goals of the movements, and had the potential to be quoted. I made sure they came of reputab le sources. I knew already I would be using the actual text written by Ebenezer Howard, so I simply had to find that, which I did via Google Scholar. I PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON ound a biography on Henri Saint-Simon which is extremely in depth about his entire life, published by a reputable publisher. The specific sources chosen can be found in the reference section below. More detail on all of my sources can be found in my annotated bibliography. 5 PLANNING INITIATIVES’ GOALS AND DETROIT URBAN AGRICULTURE OUTCOMES: A COMPARISON References Booth, J. A. (1871). Saint-Simon and Saint-Simonism: A chapter in the history of socialism in France. London, England: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer. Howard, E. (1902). Garden cities of to-morrow (pp. 9-29). Retrieved from openlibrary. rg/ books/OL20551099M/Garden_Cities_of_Tomorrow. McArthur, B. (1975). The Chicago playground movement: A neglected feature of social justice. Social Service Review, 49(3), 376-395. Peterson, J. A. (2003). The birth of city planning in the United States,1840-1917 (pp. 98-122). Balitmore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. Retrieved from http://ohdl. handle. net. mercury. concordia. ca/2027/heb. 05838. 0001. 001. Thibert, J. (2012). Making local planing work for urban agriculture in the North American context: A view from the ground. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 32(3), 349-357. 6

With reference to Bourdieu's theory of distinction and other Essay

With reference to Bourdieu's theory of distinction and other relevant theorists on social class, give a detailed example of how a specific habitus shapes consumer behaviour - Essay Example In this status hierarchy a person develops his/her social class. With reference to 1960s -70s France; Pierre Bourdieu has analysed the society in great detail. He worked on how the knowledge and usage of different cultural relics have shaped over time. In addition to this he also examined how people develop certain taste for food, clothing, music and their overall lifestyle. Bourdieu also studied the uncountable struggles between various classes and the emergence of their fragmentation in today’s capitalist society. He taught people how to alter their perceptions and expectations when they are at a stage of the hierarchy and at the same time he provided options to people to compete for the class position they desire (Bourdieu, 1984). Some of the concepts explained by Bourdieu are clarified in the following section. â€Å"The projection of capital on to a particular axis with an aim to create a constant, linear and homogenous series which helps in identifying the social hierarchy involves a tough operation. In doing this, various types of capital are brought down to one single standard. This theoretical phenomenon has an objective foundation; exchange rates differ according to the power relation amongst the owners of the capital (Giddens, 1994). There is a prerequisite for reducing the spaces between the capital to one dimension, however, if someone willingly converts the capital, the creation of a two-dimensional space clarifies that the importance of exchange rates. Therefore, Bourdieu has extended the phenomenon of capital on the basis of an underlying idea in which capital is converted in normal sense. Although Bourdieu has not explicitly spelled out the foundation of different types of capitals and their conversion rates; they can be deduced by further researches. Capital is capable of bu ilding a relation between two people in a particular social space, but this principle does not necessarily create an absolute order of the society, along

Its a bit long so I explained it in order instructions Essay

Its a bit long so I explained it in order instructions - Essay Example And so is the case with the article, â€Å"Are Human Rights Universal?† by Shashi Tharoor. The first objection has its roots in the philosophical grounds, which claims that the world has been inhabited by different cultures since the time immemorial and it always has been the case that the values and the rights of a certain society have been in relevancy to the culture in which they exist; and so to simply rule out the underlying assumption of culture and impose universal charter of human rights would be a practical fiasco. Moreover, in many of the places other than the west, people are not generally granted the same kinds of rights – the reason being the cultural differences, for example, as mentioned by the author, the Confucian or the Vedic traditions where they consider duties to be more important than the rights; or the African societies, for that matter, where they deem the group rights have a preference over the individual rights and the decisions are made accordingly. Other than this, the author states that in many of the developing countries, certain rights which are taken for granted in the west are simply not suitable for the societies of the existing third world countries, giving the example of paid vacations. The article suggests that the developing countries might not be able to afford such rights as they lack the basic developed infrastructure for the acceptable western standard of life, particularly because of the lack of the economic development. Another objection against the conception of universal human rights has religious foundations, where the critics of this realm argue that unless a certain idea is founded upon the values of God, it cannot be universal, and so for them the universal human rights agenda has no such basics. Other than the stated oppositions against the universality of the human rights, some critics also give another interesting insight. According to them, the idea of

AeroMedical Education Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AeroMedical Education Plan - Essay Example As the research declares Bloom’s taxonomy of learning recognizes that there are three major domains that are fundamental in the promotion of higher forms of thinking in the learning process. According to Bloom, Engelhart, Furst, Hill and Krathwohl, the three domains of educational training are 1) cognitive domain that deals with mental skills, 2) affective domain that involves growth in feelings or emotional areas, and 3) psychomotor domain that deals with physical or manual skills. Atherton argues that each of the domains is sub-divided into various levels in a hierarchical model starting with the most basic process to the most complex one as shown below. According to the paper findings Bloom’s taxonomy helps education planners contextualize teaching programs that enable learners attain a holistic study and understanding of knowledge in terms of its foundations, scope and validity. This brings about the desired effectiveness in educational and training programs among learners. The Commission on Accreditation of Medical Transport System (CAMTS) is charged with the responsibility of developing standards for the aero-medical environment. According to CAMTS, the requirements for the orientation, training and continuing education programs for the aero-medical personnel are premised on the transport program’s the purpose of the service, mode(s) of transport provided and its constituents contained in the mission statement, scope of care and patient population.

Volunteer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Volunteer - Essay Example Therefore the workplace if full of aged workers who believe that they should be the ones in leadership positions since they have many years of experience. As a result, young managers get a difficult time supervising employees who are unhappy with the leadership structures in the firm. Hence, by choosing to clean an old person’s home, I expected I would learn a few skills on how to work with the aged. The day of the volunteering experience was quite eventful. We were a small group of five students. At first, I thought we were too many for a simple task. However, the house was quite big with a sizable yard. We assembled outside the house until everyone had arrived. When everyone was present, we knocked on the door and an elderly woman, Natalie, welcomed us in. The couple took us round the house and orientated us to the place after exchanging pleasantries. Even though they were specific about the areas to clean, we ended up identifying many other dirty places to clean. After the orientation, we sat down and planned the activities of the day. We divided ourselves into three groups of two members each. Some of us would clean the roof and repair the fence. Some would mow the lawn and help the first group when done. The remaining two would work in the house with Natalie, to clean the shelves, counters, sinks, and the washroom. Peter, one of the other volunteers, and I remained indoors to clean the house. We took a half an hour break after cleaning for three hours nonstop. During the break, Natalie was kind enough and served us coffee. After the break, we embarked on cleaning the house. Peter and I started by cleaning the sinks. Later, we moved to the shelves, and lastly we worked on the counters. We also dusted the chairs though it was not on the schedule. By the time we were finishing, the yard group had also completed their work. I managed to meet all my three learning objectives for the

Acquisition in the mining sector of Austrailia Essay

Acquisition in the mining sector of Austrailia - Essay Example To strengthen their financial position dominant players of this industry across world, and especially in Australia turned to mergers and acquisitions. Year 2011 witnessed global mergers and acquisition of $.162, 439 million with 43percent higher than previous year in terms of value (e Ernst & Young, 2012). In Australia alone, total value of M&A deals in mining and metal sectors in year 2011 was $.38, 594 million as compared to $.23, 469 million in the year 2010. Mergers and acquisitions in mining and metal sectors of Australia also witnessed large inbound and outbound deals. This report sheds lights on the aim and objective of these deals based on two case studies from Australian mining sector. Case studies used for the purpose are: Atlas Iron acquiring Giralia resources ($.805 million) and BHP Billiton acquiring HWE mining ($.732 million). Both deals been successfully completed in year 2011with both parties of two deals belonging to same continent. The two case studies witnessed ove rall aim of acquisitions by two firms to enhance their resource base, increased synergy in their operations and undertake low risk transactions. The capital agenda guiding these transactions was to preserve, optimize, raise and invest capital (e Ernst & Young, 2012). Atlas Iron acquiring Giralia resources was mainly driven by motif to increase it resource base. BHP Billiton acquiring HWE mining was aimed to improve synergy and efficiency in operation with undertaking contractor firm within BHP Billiton’s umbrella. Successful completion of deals benefitted both parties as well as their shareholders. In the end with reference to the academic literature both deals are discussed to extract level of alignment and support from literature. Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 ACQUISITION IN THE MINING SECTOR OF AUSTRAILIA 4 ATLAS IRON ACQUIRING GIRALIA RESOURCES 8 DEAL DETAILS 9 BHP BILLITON ACQUIRING HWE MINING 12 DEAL DETAILS 12 SUPPORT FROM LITERATURE 13 TRANSACTION ALLIGNMENT W ITH LITERATURE 15 CONCLUSION 16 REFERENCES 17 INTRODUCTION Australia stands on the leading position on mega acquisitions table with Australian BHP Billiton acquiring Petrohawk Energy of US (Oil & gas sector) with $.11, 776 million in cross border acquisition (e Ernst & Young, 2012). Mining sector of Australia also remained active to enhance its capacity, strengthen operations and portfolio. With considerable activity of Australian companies in acquisitions in the year 2011, this report will explore various areas of these acquisitions. Two inbound acquisitions deals in Australia with Atlas Iron acquiring Giralia resources ($.805 million) and BHP Billiton acquiring HWE mining ($.732 million) in focus, following areas are explored and discussed in this report: Were both deals able to achieve success completion within defined time? Details of both details. Type and level of discrepancy arisen, if any. For instance resistance from management or shareholders etc. Overall aim of the acquis ition Benefits to the acquirer and Benefits to the target firm (acquired firm). Level of support these deals can leverage from the academic literature. ACQUISITION IN THE MINING SECTOR OF AUSTRAILIA In the year 2011, the mining and metal sectors have successfully emerged as strong sector with growth trend after riding the high global economic uncertainty. Among other options to raise capital, mining sector provided an ideal environment for mergers and acquisitions specifically; however, while total deal value was up 43% on the prior year to $162.4bn, volumes were down 10% to 1,008 deals, highlighting the difficulty in evaluating, financing and executing deals (e Ernst & Young, 2012). (e Ernst & Young, 2012) (e Ernst & Young,

The 2nd Amendment and the Right to Bear Arms Essay

The 2nd Amendment and the Right to Bear Arms - Essay Example Guns were even provided to those who could not afford weapons. (Gerber 2011) The debate over the second amendment today is that those in favor of gun control laws fear that a weapon for defense can become a weapon of offence either accidentally or intentionally. For that matter, the first part of the provision of this amendment, â€Å"well-regulated militia† is advocated by pro gun control laws. This provision is interpreted as that gun possession is only applied to official defensive forces such as the National Guard. On the other hand, gun lovers support the interpretation grown out the second part of the amendment which states that, â€Å"the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.† This means that citizens can have guns and the government has no power over confiscating this right away from them. (Gerber 2011). Whether the prospects of the second amendment’s enforcement in the Bill of Rights would bring a positive or negative change i n the American society? The second amendment was made to the Constitution of the United States in 1791 stating that, â€Å"A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.† ( http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/billofrights) . This amendment has two perspectives. Its first section inculcates that the states can enforce their militias with arms for collective security while the second part diverts towards individual security. Thus, it is raising a contradiction in the fundamentality of the amendment. This amendment is unique of all the amendments in the sense that it is the only among the others that is not enforced yet. There is no unanimity in the decision of the justices because there is no clarity about its purpose. A civil right in American Constitution is defined as â€Å"a right or rights belonging to a person by reason of citizenship including especially the fundamenta l freedoms and privileges guaranteed by the 13th and 14th amendments and subsequent acts of Congress including the right to legal, social and economic equality. This makes gun ownership as much of a civil right as freedom of speech, religion and freedom of the press.† Gun possession is vital for certain reasons like for sports competitions. For instance, target shooting, a game played popularly in the United States is incomplete without guns. Hunting is another sport, hobby and tempting pastime of Americans. (http://www.saf.org/default.asp?p=gunrights_faq) The right to bear arms is a necessity in today’s criminal world. The United States is a country with the most high crime rate in the world. The amendment’s second half empowers the individual with freedom of carrying arms for self-defense. A simple yet very basic argument of gun possession is self-defense. Criminals are easily deterred this way. Instead of waiting for the regular police to respond to the victim ’s calls, the victim should have the capacity to tackle the matter on his own. This will help decrease the level of crimes. In the United States 46% of Americans claim possession of arms for the purpose of protection against criminals. (Heston 2008) Richard Henry Lee, Virginia delegate to the Continental Congress and member of the first Continental Congress which passed the Bill of Rights said that, â€Å""To preserve liberty, it is essential that the whole body of the people always possess arms, and be taught alike, especially when young, how to use

Why Did Eastern Europe Fall Under Communist Rule In The First Place Essay

Why Did Eastern Europe Fall Under Communist Rule In The First Place - Essay Example om potential capitalist oppression, providing assistance to the flourishing communist parties in central Europe and ensuring dictatorship of the proletariat in the conquered nations. In fact, most of the East European nations were willing to be part of the communist regime as they sought better security, protection and peace under the Soviet Union. This paper seeks to explore the various reasons and favourable conditions that contributed to Communist rule in Eastern Europe. Many of the Eastern European nations that suffered under Nazi occupation saw communism â€Å"as the best safeguard against the possibility of a revival of fascism in the future†; besides, â€Å"many of the Eastern European countries were liberated from Nazi Germany by the Russians† and â€Å"countries like Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary were in extreme financial hardship and communist policies would definitely have been attractive to them† (Communism after 1945: Background 2010). Similarly, many of the Eastern European countries expected a stable government under the Soviet governance which would make them powerful economically and politically. In the same way the Soviet forces were successful in developing a popular sentiment for socialism and communism (which was brought out by the demolition of Nazi and Fascist forces) in East Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania and Poland and they were immensely assisted by socialist movements such as the Soci alist Unity Party of Germany, the Hungarian Working Peoples Party, the Romanian Workers Party and the Polish United Workers Party in these countries. Brown (2010), in this respect, states that the Eastern European nations might have been attracted by the six essential defining characteristics that governed communism: â€Å"its political organisation: the monopoly of power of a Communist party and rigid discipline and strict hierarchy within that party†, â€Å"its centralised, command economy (with prices and output targets fixed

Central problems with MAINSTREAM ECONOMICS Essay

Central problems with MAINSTREAM ECONOMICS - Essay Example There are various assumptions that are related to mainstream economics. One of them is the rational choice theory where individuals continually seek for the most cost effective means of achieving their desired goals with less reflection on the worthiness of the desired goal. The basic idea in here is individuals trying to maximize their benefits while at the same time reducing their costs. People decide on how they ought to act by making comparison of the resulting costs and benefits of their courses of action. Thus, the society in question develops a pattern of behavior in relation to these choices made. Another assumption is that of the representative agent. This refers to atypical decision maker of a given type for instance the typical firm or consumer. The notion behind this is that it is much easier to consider one typical decision maker rather than analyzing many of these different decisions (Nadeau 2009). However, economists ignore the representative agent when the differences occurring between individuals are central to the arising central point. The other assumption is that of rational expectation where the prediction of the future made by an agent of all economically relevant variables are not systematically wrong and the fact that all errors made are random. This shows that the expectations of the agents are the true statistical expected values. Much of the modeling of this modern economics explores the notion that other complicating factors have on various models. Here, individuals are viewed as units with a similar goal, which they are capable of maximizing through their rational behavior. The only difference arises in the specific objective geared towards maximization where individuals tend to maximize on their utility and firms tend to maximize on profits. There also exists a difference in the process of maximization

Human Resource Management Essay Example for Free

Human Resource Management Essay Kopanang Batho Cooperation Services is a company that distributes water to all parts of the urban and peri- urban societies. Its vision is to strive to provide clean water services to all stakeholders and the mission is to provide quality water through highly motivated and professional staff. Ogbor (2009:283) believes that, â€Å"a business is not defined by its name, status or articles of incorporation. Rather it is defined by what it offers, to whom it is offered and how it is offered. † In this assay discussed are the factors affecting human resource management in global organisations and how they affect human resource management. Firstly described, the economic factors; secondly, the political- legal system, thirdly, education and technology and then culture, how each affect the practice and theory of management. Firstly, the economic factors it is all about the change about the new developments in the wealth that managers need to be aware of. The changes brought about these factors require managers forward thinking and who can handle and adapt to change. According to Kynhans et al(2009), â€Å"All these things show how healthy the country is, in other words, how well the country is doing economically†. Today’s organisations are operating in a global environment, the extents has become exceedingly complex and creates enormous uncertainty for managers. For example, some countries are prepared by the idea of free enterprise, that is people turn to find ways of doing things themselves in order to save costs and companies tend to loose clients due to that fact. Moreover, there are differences in requirements for severance pay and vacation days allowed to workers. Again, human resource management practices tend to change so as to prevent unemployment even at the cost of sacrificing productivity; this means some organisations go to the extent of losing productivity so as to spare its employees’ jobs. Secondly, the political legal system, which involves the rules and the regulations at local and national level, as well as the activities that influence the company behaviour affect the human resource management. Legal factors vary from country to country ant the rules and regulations enforced by a legal system can strongly affect human resource management as it states clearly the conditions for certain human resource management practices such as layoffs, hiring, training and compensation. Kynhans et. al cites, â€Å"every organisation is run according to the laws and regulation of that country’s government.† This means every organisation in a particular country is ruled by the laws of that country and they can affect that particular organisation. For example, in other counties it is simple to hire and fire employees while in other countries there are procedures to be followed to do both processes. Thirdly, education can also affect human resource management. â€Å"An organisation’s potential to find and maintain a qualified workplace is an important consideration in any decision to expand into a foreign market.† describes Sims (2010). This means that organisations consider educational background while selecting their employees and such organisations try all efforts to keep such candidates in the organisation. For example, some organisations prefer hiring people who studied full time. Again, other companies prefer hiring candidates form certain well know schools around the world. Again, the technological environment in which a business operates also brings change within the organisation, either processes of production or the type of employees required. â€Å"Many organisations realise they need to start using new technologies to be able to compete with other business. This can have either a positive or negative effect on the people working in that organisation but companies still need to keep up to date with the latest technology developments to stay ahead of the competition,† cites Kynhans et al (2009:23). For instance, if a company needs to change technology, it might not be easy for other employees to adapt and that might delay production. Introducing new products also can affect the organisation in a sense that other old working practices might change and be replaced by new practices and the advancement of technology doesn’t affect countries all at the same time thus some countries are not technologically advanced like others and that can affect the human resource management practices especially when it comes to job evolutions. Also culture can determine the other factors affecting human resource management in the marketplace. â€Å"Differences in culture cause a great challenge in HRM,† stresses Francis (2010). Culture often determines the effectiveness of various human resource management practices, for example, a benefit valued to be important in one country can be comparatively worthless in another country and that can affect the HRM practice as the rules or regulations will have to differ from country to country. In conclusion, it is very important for managers to consider the numerous factors of doing business in different countries and organise the work in different nations. As the world is becoming one village, rules and regulations must at least be more or less the same so as to make it easier to run companies globally. For example, globalise the laws regulating employment so as to make it easy to run companies globally. REFERENCES Francis, C International Business: Text And Cases.2010(5th Edition).New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited John, O. (2009). Entrepreneurship in Sub Zaharan Africa, A Strategic Management Perspective Mitras, D, Shrly .K (2009).Technology, Values and Social Forces in Technology Change Markham, M W. et al. (2009). Human Resource Management: Fresh Perspectives Sims, R, R. (2007). Human Resource Management: Contemporary Issues and Opportunities. USA: Information Age Publishing. Inc.

Framework Advocating CSOs Analysis

Framework Advocating CSOs Analysis Take a case of actually existing civil society and critically discuss the extent to which your case has managed to achieve any democratic or developmental progress. Championed as the panacea for development ills under the neoliberal New Policy Agenda (McIllwaine;1998), civil society has become the sweetheart of development donors (Barr, Fafchamps Owens, 2005;659), famed for its ability to incubate participatory development[ma1][ma2]. Civil society is conceptualised as an independent third pillar between state and market, comprising of horizontal networks of associational groups with cross cut ties of kinship and patronage (Putnam, 1993). Within this network, citizens organize to pursue shared interests and influence policy in the public domain (UNDP, 2014). Civil society organisations (CSOs) can embody autonomous or NGO supported community based organisations, or can comprise of NGOs as primary agents of civil society themselves (Mohan, 2002[ma3]). Despite doubt surrounding the classification of NGOs as CSOs (Carmody, 2007), this essay will define NGOs as a variant of CSOs, as their primary purpose is influencing public policy (Edwards Hulme, 1997;24), and are independent from direct government control (UNDP, 2014[ma4][ma5]). Thus, for the reasons outlined, this essay will focus on the Voice2People programme of Christian Aid, an NGO based CSO. Ultimately, this essay will examine the extent to which the normative framework advocating CSOs as the missing middle between citizen and state (World Bank, 1996;114), represents the reality of actually existing civil society (Mamdani, 1996;19). It is in this sense that actually existing civil society is defined as the reality of CSOs in practise as largely dissonant from the normative promised agenda for change (Ibid). By analysing Christian Aids Voice2People programme, this essay will posit that the realities of actually existing civil society are divergent from the normative ideals placed upon it, and thus can achieve little democratic or developmental success. This essay will begin by demonstrating the normative and programmatic qualities perceived as inherent within CSOs, in particular their ability to facilitate participatory development, upon which donor funding is predicated (Igoe Kelsall, 2005). It will then outline the Voice2People programme rolled out by Christian Aid, in relation to the normative characteristics it is perceived to retain. Once the theoretical framework is outlined, this paper will then assess the extent to which these normative ideals diverge from reality of actually existing civil society. By outlining the flaws of the theoretical framework underlying the programme, and the problematic constraints it faced, this essay will conclude by arguing that contrary to normative perceptions, actually existing civil society in the case of the Voice2People programme, can achieve very little democratic or developmental progress. The normative characteristics of civil society organisations However, it is first essential to outline the perceived normative characteristics of CSOs in order to analyse their divergence from the empirical reality of actually existing civil society. These characteristics are normative in the sense they are expected rather than empirically validated. It[ma6][ma7] is also essential to underscore the ideological nature of these characteristics, which dovetail the neoliberal new policy agenda (Robinson, 2003;2) which embraces the democratic development paradigm (Banks, Edwards and Hulme; 2015, 710) in supporting inclusive participation to facilitate development (Mertz, 2012;54). Firstly, neoliberal theory posits CSOs as vehicles through which to build better citizens (Archer, 1994). Civil society is thus perceived as an arena for the cultivation of liberal norms, including participation and market rationality (Williams Young, 2012). CSOs become schools of liberal democracy (Banks, Edwards Hulme, 2015;4) educating citizens to take participate in formulating their own development agenda. Secondly, CSOs are also regarded as key actors in encouraging increased state accountability, as an active civil society enables choice, scrutinises errant governments, and leads to pluralised democracy (Mohan, 2002). CSOs thus demand state accountability to local demands (Suileman, 2013;245) an issue outlined by the Voice2People baseline report (Christian Aid, 2013). In addition, CSOs are also perceived by donors as vital facilitators of democratisation. This is because CSOs are seen to exhibit a pluralising function as they disperse the distribution of political power in s ociety through increasing channels of access (Hadenius Uggla, 1996) what Ndegwa (1996;3) terms the civil society political liberalisation thesis. Additionally, as Przewoski (1992) notes, CSOs also play a constitutive role in defining the rules of state/CSO interaction along democratic lines. Finally, the last perceived function of CSOs is facilitating localised empowerment, so communities can pursue their own development activities either through CSOs or as autonomous politically conscious citizens. This view posits the poor not as beneficiaries, but as controllers of the development process with the means to radically alter their own situation (Clark, 1991;201). However, for the sake of this essay, the above functions will be amalgamated into one role of facilitating participatory development the process through which stakeholders can influence and share control over development initiatives, decisions and resources that affect themselves (Worldbank, 1996b;4). This requires the participation of empowered groups in the design and implementation of development projects, and is dependent on a state open to pluralising the political arena to organisations such as CSOs who can demand accountability on behalf of their members. The[ma8] next section of this essay will outline the Voice2People programme rolled out by Christian Aid, which attempts to facilitate participatory development in Nigeria. A case of actually existing civil society Christian Aids Voice2People programme is a DFID funded programme worth  £2million (DFID, 2016), aiming to facilitate citizen-driven development and increased government accountability in Anambra State, Nigeria (Christian Aid, 2016;2). It is through this programme which aims to influence public development policy, that Christian Aid can be regarded as a CSO in its own right. Prior to the programme, the baseline report suggested that 54% of 1, 535 respondents in the area felt they were not able participate in making demands to state representatives, and that there was no accountability mechanism to ensure state compliance with local needs (Christian Aid, 2013;6-8). Consequently, the Voice2People community based programme utilised two strategies (outlined by Brown and Tandon;1994) in an attempt to rectify this democratic deficit (Warleigh, 2001;1). Firstly, Voice2People employed state reform strategies to secure agreements which guaranteed quarterly community engagement meetings, with the aim to precipitate democratic norms such as state accountability. Secondly, societal programmes such as the use of participatory rural appraisals (PRAs) intended to create community charters of needs, aiming to immerse all levels of community participation in development consultations (Christian Aid, 2016a;8). However, this next section will analyse the theoretical and practical barriers which constrain the Voice2People programme; an example of actually existing civil society (Mamdani, 1996:19); in achieving participatory development. Can Voice2People achieve participatory development? In the donor community, the perceived functions of CSOs are taken as normative and unproblematic. This is concerning as this next section will show, there are various theoretical and practical barriers which constrains actually existing civil society (in this case, the Voice2People programme) to achieving participatory development[ma9]. Theoretical barriers One[ma10] of the first theoretical constraints which limit the Voice2People programme and other CSO work in achieving participatory development, is the problematic dichotomy in which state and CSOs are theorised (Lewis, 2000). CSOs are perceived as autonomous agent able to impose community-formulated demands onto a democratic state. However, it is unwise to conceive civil society as unconstrained by the power of the state, as Hadenius and Uggla (1996) note, CSO inclusion is dependent on regime type, with autocratic regimes opposing CSO engagement due to desire to monopolise the political space (Clark, 1991[ma11]). Therefore, as Stewart (1997) suggests, the presence of CSOs does not instantly facilitate democratic engagement with states. In some cases, inclusion of CSOs into policy consultation is little more than PR to meet the criteria of debt relief. In the case of Voice2Protect, government legislation passed in July 2016 which requires a state-led regulatory body to oversee the wo rk of CSOs (Civicus, 2016), demonstrates the power of the Nigerian state in constraining the work of Voice2People. It is therefore too simplistic to theorise the state and CSOs as independent actors with equal agency in influencing public policy[ma12]. Moreover, it would also be unwise to suggest that even democratic states can adequately address the demands of CSOs, as due to the streamlining and weakening of state under structural adjustment, gridlock can occur, whereby the sheer volume of CSO interests and demands can lead to political impasse (Blair, 1997 in Lewis, 2002). This suggests that Voice2People is unable to achieve participatory development success either due to the constraining power of the state, or through lack of state capacity, notions largely ignored by the theoretical framework. This has led to the critique by some post-colonial scholars, who suggest that civil society as a concept has very little explanatory value for the complexities of African associational life (maia) which can include an autocratic state characterised by big men rule (cite). Therefore, although Voice2People established a working relationship with the House that was formalised with an agreement to hold quarterly meetings with members (Christian Aid, 2016;4), there are no constitutional mechanisms to guarantee the continuation of this interaction, and no clear capacity of the state to meet the demands forwarded by Voice2People. This is further evidenced by the Voice2People progress report which cites that citizens found it difficult to engage government officials si nce the governments lacked the financial power to undertaken any projects (Christian Aid, 2014;6). As well as the problematic dichotomy between state and CSOs, the theoretical underpinnings behind CSO led service provision also limits the extent to which Voice2People can achieve participatory development. Due to their closeness to intended beneficiaries, CSOs are regarded as ideal for replacing waning state services that have been decimated by structural adjustment (Carmody;2007). Empowerment therefore is economic in the liberal sense, as through the participation of contributing funds towards a community service project, one gets to become the controller of their own development. Voice2People utilises this approach to pacify the 46% of respondents who were not happy at allwith the level of state service provision (Christian Aid, 2013;6). Although seemingly locally appropriate, this approach is highly problematic as it reduces the concept of public welfare to mere private provision to the extent that citizens forego their sense of state entitlement (Kamat, 2003;156). CSO service p rovision, no matter how well intentioned, therefore reduces the state to a franchise state (Wood, 1997;1) ultimately unaccountable for the services provided to its citizens through other actors. Community based service provision as utilised by Voice2People therefore achieves very little democratic output, as any state accountability based on service provision is nullified, and replaced by self-dependency. Additionally, this project does little to increase development, as the limited financial accessibility of community funded services, means that the chronic poor seldom partake in this form of neoliberal participation and are thus excluded from accessing vital services. conclude [ma13][ma14] Practical constraints When aiming to facilitate participatory development, one of the practical constraints faced by Voice2Protect is the extent to which it can achieve full participation. In an attempt to facilitate inclusive participationVoice2People liaisons with established community structures (Christian Aid), to create charters of demands which prioritise community development needs (ibid). However, by working through established community structures such as chieftaincies, existing power relations are entrenched and reproduced (white). This new localism which essentialises established structures as microcosms of a homogenous community (mohan) is problematic, as it excludes traditionally ostracised groups from access to civil society participation. Additionally, community participation can also be co-opted by middle class hegemonic groups in a bid to access influences and resources (Mercer and green), often leading to disillusionment amongst the primordial public of traditionalist groups who interven tions aimed to target (Suiliman[ma15]). These issues occurred in the Voice2Project programme, whereby community mobilisation was misconstrued to have political bearings by stakeholders wanting to gain access (cite) and thus exclusive meetings were still utilised to buy-in community leadership for the middle classes(Cite). Conclude On a similar note, for Voice2Protect to achieve full democratic participation, there needs to be greater emphasis on the gendered implications of PRAs and other participatory tools, as some V2P communities are yet to adopt balanced representation in decision making platforms (cite). The time necessary to participate in decision making is problematic, as it reduces the time women dedicate to caregiving roles, therefore impeding female participation (Howell and Milligan[ma16]). This then leads to talking to men about women which is hardly democratic nor will ever understand the gendered development issues facing women as a group (Ardner). Concludeand addmore Additionally, one of the clearest practical factors constraining Voice2Protect in facilitating participatory development, is that contrary to building better citizens (archer), CSOs can often pluralise the political arena for the worst, incorporating the voice of extremist or violent community organisations (Lewis and Kanjii). A pluralised political arena thus legitimises vice as well as virtue (Robinson White, 1998;229), as well as ethnic chauvinism (diamond) as an exercise in liberal democracy. Although this does increase pluralised democratic output (for the better or for worse), such instances could indeed hinder inclusive community development, as can often become a platform for legitimising prejudices or community based structural violence[ma17][ma18][ma19]. more Finally, an additional practical limitation faced by Voice2People, is the problematic mode through which democratic participation is facilitated within its programmes. Ultimately, the Voice2People programme is externally facilitated by an NGO based CSO, unlike programmes led by traditionalist CSOs which arise out of indigenous community structures. This stems from a contradictive paradox of self-help, whereby external NGO based CSOs are deployed to facilitate empowerment in traditionalist settings (Page, 2014). The concern here is, that due to the nature of Voice2People as an external NGO directed programme, true participatory development is constrained as it foregoes the political conscientization necessary for true and sustainable empowerment. Evidently, by using NGO based CSOs as proxies for indigenous organisations[ma20], only artificial low intensity democracy can be achieved (Carmody). This artificial empowerment runs the risk of disintegrating once the NGO based CSO has withdr awn, and is therefore unsustainable and unable to exert continuous pressure for longstanding change. Since the timescale of the Voice2People programme had an end date of March 2016 (Christian Aid, 2016), one can suggest that due to the lack of endogenous indigenous programmes to guarantee democratic output, participatory development progress began to disintegrate after the withdrawal of Christian Aid. This suggests that the dichotomy theorised by Mamdani (1996;19), which bifurcates the normative perceptions of civil society and its actually existing form, is too simplistic to encapsulate the different issues faced by varying CSOs. Through homogenising the realities of all actually existing civil society, the dichotomy ignores the vastly different realities faced by NGO based CSOs in relation to indigenous organisations[ma21]. Conclusion Normative ideals as unattainable clear divergence to the reality fo actually existing civil society [ma1]democratic development paradigm (Banks, Edwards and Hulme; 2015, 710 [ma2]Since democracy is regarded as the requisite political system conducive to growth (Chan, 2002), [ma3]Make all this link a bit more [ma4]Something about beneficiary membership or something about closeness to them [ma5]This will become important later on [ma6]Link these two sections together better [ma7] [ma8]Make sure you notePD as requiring liberally moulded empowered citizen participation and a democratic and accountable state. [ma9]Describe theoretical as motivations beind and practical barriers and issues facing actual formation/methodology [ma10]Maybe link western concept here: universalism of normative ideal does not take into account the authoritarian big man state this suggests it is applicable to western experience only. Miaia Why are we pushing the concept it if has failed in the US (Carmoroff and Carmoroff) [ma11]Mandani state power is in the ability to incorporate [ma12]Conclude: how does this link to participatory development? How does this constrain V2P? [ma13] Moreover, it can also be argued that the envisioned concept of civil society is applicable only to the western experience and thus in reality, can achieve very little democratic or developmental progress elsewhere (Lewis, 2003). In this sense, donor support for CSOs is misguided, as the theoretical framework used to mould civil society in Eastern Europe after the fall of communism, has very little explanatory value for the complexities of African associational life such as the constraining power of tribe and caste (Maina). It also ignores the need of a democratic tradition to perpetuate democratic norms within civil society, as an earlier point states, the presence of CSOs such as Voice2People, does not necessarily equate to democracy. Additionally, the limited western definition of CSOs may lead to duplication of efforts to build civil society where an indigenous form already exists (Uggla). This dissonance of the legitimacy to alternatives to western defined CSOs limits true democr acy due to the monopolisation of the political sphere by one homogenous form of CSO (hearn, 2001). When the wrong kinds of CSO are excluded, how can participatory development occur? (Banks Edwards and Hulme). Actually existing civil society cannot therefore lead to full participatory development, as the attributes of civil society itself, are western and ungeneralizable to the Nigerian case. Link to V2P. conclude [ma14] [ma15]say this too much reword this so it isnt repetitive [ma16]needs to link more [ma17]need an example of V2P and how this is not participatory can prejudices lead to the deliberate exclusion of others in participation the need for monitors has reflected this [ma18]it is in this sense that White cites the possibility of CS impeding democracy by gives rise to a multiplicity of distinct structures of dominance and subordinacy [ma19]find example of this in CA policy doccs [ma20]I can only stress that throughà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [ma21]add example of this from CA policy docc

Social interaction and the development of infants

Social interaction and the development of infants In the first two years of an infants life, they undergo many changes that allow them to develop into a fully functioning human being. These developments are controlled by internal and external factors. Social interaction is an exceedingly influential external factor, which can help to form many aspects of development. For example, infants in the first two years of their lives are learning to differentiate between social stimuli, for example recognising mothers face and voice. This is mastered by the infant in a relatively small time scale after birth (Mills Melhuish, 1974). The child can then use this new learned ability to interact with its caregivers, even without understanding the social meaning of their actions, for example when a child smiles, the child is not aware of what a smile means in our society, but when the caregiver sees this sign of emotion, they cannot help but to smile back, and positively reinforces that learned action to the child. To see how important social int eraction is for the development of a child in the first two years of its life, it is important to observe key areas of behaviour such as attachment to others, the childs temperament and their language acquisition. One of the most researched areas of development in children is attachment and how we form them. Attachment, as defined by Ainsworth and Bell 1970, is an affectional tie that once person forms between himself and another specific one. This is the first strong social connection that infants have to another human being/s. Research by Shaffer and Emerson, conducted in 1964, and suggested that there are three stages in the development of primary attachments; the asocial stage, the stage of indiscriminate attachment and the stage of specific attachment. The asocial stage, which spans from birth to six weeks, is when the infant uses signals to interact with its environment, for example crying, babbling, and smiling and so forth, which is not aimed specifically to anyone. The second stage of indiscriminate attachment, the infant has learnt that if it cries it will receive attention, but is still not aimed at a particular individual and the child can be comforted by anyone. This stage lasts u ntil around seven months after birth. The last stage, specific attachment, can be observed between seven and eleven months, and is suggests that the infant will start to form specific attachments to caregivers, a bond is then made, and will no longer accept comfort from others. Bowlby (1988) described that the need for social attachment between the infant and its caregiver is because the infant needs to actively seek to attain or maintain proximity to another individual that is more attuned to their surroundings and can provide for the infants needs (attachment behaviour). There have been three key theories to try and explain why we form attachments, and if it is important for children to form social bonds in the early stages of life. The psychoanalytical theory proposes that feeding and the production of food is the main reason why we form attachments. Based on Freuds psychosexual stages, this theory focuses on the oral stage (the first of the stages), and suggests that the child gets pleasure from attaining food through sucking behaviour (Miller, 1993). Erikson in his stage theory (1950, 1968) states that the first year of life is where the infant establishes trust between themselves and a caregiver, who in return provides nutrition and comfort. Without this trust, the child does not know whether they will be provided with the vital source of support that the child needs to survive. There are two main learning theories, the first being the early learning theory. The psychoanalytical theory is closely linked to this theory, as they both suggest that being provided with food is the main reason why we attach. This theory revolves around the secondary drive hypothesis by Dollard and Miller (1950), which explains that infants attach to the mother to gain access to important things that are needed for survival, things that they cannot provide for themselves for example food and warmth, all of which soothe the childs cries. This social interaction between the mother and the child then allows for the infant to associate this with the caregiver, and the bond is strengthened. However, this hypothesis disagrees with research conducted by Shaffer and Emerson (1964), which found that the infant can become attached to more than one caregiver, who is not necessarily the sole provider to the physiological needs of the child. The second learning theory for attachment is the social learning theory devised by Hay and Vespo, (1988). The theory states that the child does not automatically become attached to the mother, or caregivers, but that the caregivers has to interact with the child and show them affection, for the child to feel a connection with them, from which they can then form a relationship together. Another theory of attachment is Ethological theory, which states that there is an evolutionary role in the reasoning of why we as humans attach. The theory suggests that mothers before birth are already biologically predisposed to become attached to their offspring, and therefore ensures that they survive, and the species can continue. Research to support this theory was mainly collected by Bowlby (1969, 1980), who suggests that attachment is monotropic; focused on only one caregiver, namely the mother. However, research by Ainsworth (1979) disagrees with Bowlbys theory of monotropy, and suggests that infants form more than one attachment to many different caregivers. This is supported by Shaffer and Emersons study, which displayed attachments to other close family members for example grandparents and fathers. It has also been found that siblings can also be important in contributing to the social development of infants (Adler, 1964). These three theories suggest that attachment between the infant and its caregiver is formed relatively easily, but comparatively, if a child has little to no access to social interaction in the first two years of their life, it can be particularly harmful to the childs development. This can be explained by the social stimulation hypothesis which can be observed in research collected in the 1940s, which showed the children growing up in institutions had a low staff to child ratio and so rarely had any interaction with a caregiver. Children were also segregated from each other, and so were cut off from all forms of social stimulation. At first the infants acted no different from those brought up in normal family homes where the children are given lots of attention and interaction, but after six months there was a noticeable difference; the childrens behaviour changes and the children were completely avoidant of any social activities (negative working model of the self) and see that the y are not getting noticed by others (negative working model of others), (Goldfarb, 1943). This research implies that children need constant social interaction to develop properly. Bowlby (1953), after studying institutional care after the Second World War, saw that the care that the children were receiving was more physical, and not for their emotional needs. He developed the maternal deprivation hypothesis; suggested that infants should experience a warm, intimate and continuous relationship with his mother. Conversely, infants in institutions in which there are a much higher staff to infant ratio generally interact normally with their caregivers and develop well throughout life and suffer fewer effects (Tizard and Rees, 1975). Language is another element of develop in the first two years that is strongly influenced by social interaction. There are three main theories that discuss what influences our language acquisition. The learning/empiricist perspective explains that children learn their language by listening to their parents speech and imitating it (Bandura, 1971) and by positive reinforcement when the infant says something grammatically correct (Skinner 1957). Research by Weisman and Snow (2001) found that if caregivers expose their children to more advanced words earlier on in life, then the childs language will be more developed than other children of the same age group. However, it has been argued that children cannot learn syntax this way, as seen by Baron (1992), when children are just learning new sentences; they create statements that adults do not say and therefore could not have imitated. Chomsky (1959, 1968) disagrees with the learning perspective and suggests a more biological/nativist approach and not a social implication. He suggests that language is too complicated for it to just be learned from caregivers, instead that children born with an innate language acquisition device (LAD) in the brain which processes verbal input. Slobin (1985) thinks that we have an inborn language-making capacity (LMC) instead of an LAD. Both of these systems supposedly enable infants to combine vocabulary that has been collected in the brain, enables them to understand what it means, and then can use this knowledge to create sentences. Lenneberg (1967), combined the two theories of Chomsky and Slobin, and suggests the sensitive-period hypothesis, which states that the best time to learn a language is before adolescence; after this period has been reached language becomes very difficult to learn. For example, a case study of 14 year old Genie (Curtiss, 1977), who until this age was ke pt locked away with little to no social interaction, and was beaten by her father if she made any noise. When Genie was discovered, she had not had access to language and so could not speak. When she was taught language, she was able to conjure up sentences quite easily, however she was unable to acquire the rules of syntax, which young children learn early on in life without being taught to, supporting Baron (1992) theory. However, Moerk (1989) suggests that language development cannot be explained using LAD or LMC because the researchers themselves do not understand how they work, and how the information received in the brain is processed and understood. The interactionist perspective suggests that both empiricist (social) and nativists (biological) perspective both contribute to learning acquisition (Tomasello, 1995). A third factor for development that is influenced by social interaction in childhood is temperament. A definition of temperament as described by Hartup and Van Lieshout (1995) is a substrate for personality development, consisting of simple, basic styles that emerge early and that are tied closely to distinctive modes of emotional expression. Thomas and Chess (1977, 1989) reported three main type of temperamental styles; Easy infants; happy, easily comforted, Slow to warm up infants; fussy and are less adaptive, and Difficult infants; negative, extreme reactions for example long periods of continuous crying. Hartup and Van Lieshout (1995), suggests that temperament has social implications for the way in which an infant relates to other people for example difficult infants are more likely to develop behavioural problems as they get older. A way to try and combat this behaviour is for caregivers to provide more stimulating challenges for the child and try to promote the children to act in a more pro-active manner (Smith, Cowie and Blades, 1998). Thus suggesting that although temperament can continue throughout life, using social techniques can reduce aspects of temperamental behaviour as the child develops. In conclusion, attachment to caregivers, language acquisition and a childs temperament are all influenced by social interaction, and can be seen that the lack of it can lead to developmental abnormalities in children. For infants to develop healthily in the first two years of their life, it appears that they need high amounts of cognitive stimulation, feelings of security from those that care for them, and encouragement for behaviour, so that the child can positively attribute their actions and use these social cues, for example smiling and babbling, to develop all the key skills that they will need as they grow up.

Two Kinds by Amy Tan Essay -- Two Kinds, Amy Tan

In â€Å"Two Kinds,† Amy Tan explores a theme of independence. Jing-me is an impressionable nine year old girl living in an apartment with her parents. She struggles with the high expectations of her mother, to become a prodigy. The conflict results in a rebellious independence. Tan develops Jing-me’s character as willful, defiant, and insecure. To begin, Tan demonstrates that Jing-me’s willfulness stands in the way of her success. For example, after failing many of her mothers prodigy tests, she begins to hate them. One night after another failed test, she adopted â€Å"new thoughts, willful thoughts, or rather thoughts filled with lots of won’ts† (Tan 596). Jing-me decides that she is not going to let her mother change who she is, so she stops trying to be a prodigy. She demonstrates her willfulness when she â€Å"performed listlessly,† and â€Å"pretended to be bored,† when presented with further tests (596). Jing-me’s headstrong attitude continues to stand in the way and keeps her from successfully learning to play the piano. She â€Å"was determined not to try, not to be anybody different† that ...

Nature in the Rastafarian Consciousness Essay -- essays papers

Nature in the Rastafarian Consciousness Living in harmony with the environment and the laws of Nature is one of the central ideas of Rastafarianism. To live in accordance with the Earth is to live in accordance with Jah; it is incorporated into the morality that is Rastafarian consciousness. The Rasta's reverence for nature is influenced by the traditional African religions which are still practiced in Jamaica and which have also influenced Christianity on the island tremendously. Hinduism, too, has influenced many Rastafarian beliefs and practices. Through the Rastafarian's calculated rejection of Western cultural norms they have come to realize capitalism and the environmental destruction it has caused as Babylon, a place of destruction and greed. In order to escape this"Babylon system"a lifestyle has been employed that is focused on a correlation between man and nature. This lifestyle is an environmentally sound ideal that others around the World are only now beginning to strive for. The African Tradition In order to understand the Rastafarian idealism relating to the environment we must first consider the traditions from which it came. In Jamaica, the survival of the African religious tradition can be felt throughout the island. Most clearly this religious tradition is demonstrated by Kumina groups. Kumina is generally accepted as being West African in origin; brought here by the Ashanti. These people above all others were taken for the slave trade because the British regarded them as an especially sturdy and good for labor (Barrett 16,1997.) The Ashanti came to dominate slave, and later, peasant society, especially within the realm of religion. The practice eventually spread throughout the slave World (Barrett 17,19... ...go Press 1986) 5) Jacobs, Virginia Lee Roots of Rastafari (San Diego, Slawson Communications, Inc 1985) 6) Johnson-Hill, Jack A. I-Sight, The World of Rastafari: An Interpretive Sociological Account of Rastafarian Ethics (Metuchen N.J., The American Theological Library Ass. And Scarecrow Press, Ink. 1995) 7) Morrish, Ivan Jamaica and its Religions (Cambridge, James Clarke and Co. 1982) 8) Reddington, Norman Rastafari History, http://lamar.colostate.edu/~`laingg/rasta.html May 1995 9) Turner, Terisa Arise Ye Mighty People: Gender, Class, and Race in Popular Struggles,"The New Society"(Trenton, Africa World Press, 1994) 10) Witvliet, Theo A Place in the Sun: An Introductio to Liberation Theology in the Third World (SCM Press Ltd. 1985) 11) Youd, Ital Itations of Jamaica and I Rastafari... the First Itation (Miami, Judah Anbesa Ihntahnahshinch 1987)

The National Forest Management Act

Writing Assignment Resource Management Policy The National Forest Management Act (NFMA) of 1976 is a federal law that reorganized, expanded and amended the Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974, which called for the management of renewable resources on national forest lands. The National Forest Management Act requires the Secretary of Agriculture to assess forest lands, develop a management program based on multiple-use, sustained-yield principles, and implement a resource management plan for each unit of the National Forest System.It is the primary statute governing the administration of national forests. The NFMA had a particular focus in regulating when, where, and how much timber could be harvested and in requiring public involvement in preparing and revising the plans. In 1982 the NFMA published the Planning Regulations, a process that planned to integrate the many interests concerning the forests. There are ten major steps to this process.Identify issues , concerns, and opportunities (ICOs); Develop planning criteria; Collect data and information necessary to address ICOs; Analyze the management situation (AMS); Formulate a broad range of alternatives including a ‘no action, alternative; Estimate the effects of each alternative on the environment, the economy, and society; Evaluate alternatives by comparing how well each resolves the ICOs; Select a preferred alternative; Implement the plan by updating all uses of the forest into conformity of the forest plan; and monitor and evaluate the plan by comparing the actual biological effects of the plan to the projections.The NFMA has started many legal suits regarding the degree of involvement required by both the forest service and the public, but the most famous was the Ohio Forestry Association v. Sierra Club. The Sierra Club claimed that the logging practices allowed in the Wayne National Forest in Southeast Ohio were unlawful under NFMA because the Act requires ongoing input an d management from the Forest Service.The Court rejected the claims of the Sierra Club and stated the Forest Service is not an agency required to perform ongoing action or involvement in the forest plans. BIBLIOGRAPHY: * Pegg, J. r. â€Å"Bush Converts National Forest Management to Corporate Model. †Ã‚  Environment News Service. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. ;http://www. ens-newswire. com/ens/dec2004/2004-12-23-10. html;. * â€Å"National Forest Management Act of 1976. †Ã‚  Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. ;http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/National_Forest_Management_Act_of_1976;.

Paper on “Agricultural Rhythms and Rituals: Ancient Maya Solar Observation in Hinterland Blue Creek”

The article of Gregory Zaro and Jon Lohse, Agricultural Rhythms and Rituals antiquated Maya Solar Observation in boondocks Blue Creek, in the first place discusses the various and extremely effective country practices in Mesoamerica during clock when sophisticated equipment and instruments were not yet avail commensurate.The authors primary(prenominal)ly foc customd on the antique Mayan culture whose settlements are now collectively cognise as Latin America. Basically, it was evident that a good deal of Mesoamerica was highly successful in ground of outlandish production and the planting and maturation of crops, among others.However, the authors stressed that it is important to not that the ancient cultures that lived in the past had little to no knowledge of soil types, regulation and moisture levels, malodorousness, the growing cycles, and other requirements and that are meaty in crop production, yet they tranquillize were able to have successful and sustainabl e agricultural conditions.The authors point out that the main reasons behind their success are their ancient rituals, practices and beliefs which in general foc utilise on the world and are used to mark the exit of clock time and the seasons relative to their agricultural production.These practices rituals accept sacrifices, rituals that are associated with water management and fertility and the civilizations ability to oversee seasonal changes by observing the movements and changes of the celestial bodies in the sky.In addition, these practices, rituals and other agricultural behaviors, fit in to the authors, are by chance the almost overlooked reasons by most archaeologists who are attempting to have a deeper intellect of ancient civilizations.The authors, in their investigations of these ancient races, arrange their first try out at the Quincunx site, an architectural complex in Belize. At the site, they observed an unusual structure which is unlike the Mayan houses and residential patios.It mostly comp come nears of teleph wholeness exchange masonry room blocks solely the most notable structure of the complex, according to the authors, are the quad broad, low, circular sett platforms that are situated intercardinal directions (which means that the four platforms are placed in southmosteast, southwest, northeast, and northwestern United States each). Each platform is also situated approximately 20 meters from a central structure.The authors remark that initially, it can be surmised that these five-point or quincuncial structure was designed mainly to monitor the movements of the solarize in the sky every(prenominal) year. But upon closer scrutiny, it is actually close associated with the Mayan civilizations high regard for astronomy and their colony on agricultural production.In addition, the authors claimed that the evidence which they use to support their claims include ethnographic and ethnohistoric accounts, especially the Mayan behavior towards astronomy and agricultureTthe five-part or quincuncial design of the site and the solar observations at the said site during times of spendtime solstice on June 21, which are further assessed in relation to architectural elements and features that denote important events in the civilizations register and way of life.Based on the authors accounts, in grade to have a better dread of the Mesoamerican agricultural behaviors and practices, it is first inevitable to near examine symbolisms in their structures, especially the quincuncial design of the site.Basically, according to historical evidence and studies of Mayan cosmos or their belief in astronomy, the five-part complex mainly manufactures the universe. Historically, the Mayans believe that universe is composed of four corners and one center, analogous to the quincuncial structure.The corners seeed what they called the vaxakmen or the races standard bearers or spokes someones. In addition, the place of these corners also designate and give rise to the center, which more or less represents the Mayan communities themselves.Moreover, the situation of the quincuncial complex are also closely associated with fertility and famine, which are essential aspects in Mesamerica as these play major roles in determining their way of life.For example, according to the authors, one Mayan Tribe believed that the north is associated with the color light and the graven image maize/cereal g rain down, the south is associated with the color and the god of wind, the east is associated with clear and the god of rain, and the west is associated with black and the god of death.Meaning to say, the positioning of the quincuncial complex they found may fastly indicate that it is meant to determine their measure in planting crops and other agricultural activities that they Mayan civilization practice during that time.Another example that indicates their strong reverence for astronomy relative to their agricultural production, based on the authors article, is the rituals that the civilization practiced. In one ritual, an altar is situated in a center with four corners. In each of the corners, four men sit down and imitated the sound of thunder.The entire ceremony is mainly done to pray to the gods to bring rain during times of famine or drought. Moreover, the authors remark that places that are socially significant such as plazas, homesteads, and cornfields also followed the quincuncial rule mainly due to their perception of the universe.Furthermore, the authors also noted that the quincuncial structure is also used in actual agricultural production. Basically, the four corners represent solar events two zenith passages, in which the sunlight is directly above the earth, and two summer solstices, in which the sun is either towards or away from the earth, depending on the planets tilt.In this regard, quincuncial symbols, especially in places rice in agriculture, help the civili zation determine the suns position and, in effect, their quantify for successful food production.Finally, in articulate to further support and validate their claims, the authors enter a devastated quincuncial architectural site in Belize and recreated it to show the suns affirmable position in the sky and how the Mayan civilization used this to time their agricultural activities.In their excavation, they were able to discover that during the June summer solstice, a persons shadow was cast from the central structures south admittance to the north edge of the southwestern landing field. From this finding, the authors think that the quincuncial structure was indeed crucial to the lives of Mesoamerica as it affects their agricultural production.However, they emphasized that the passage of time has caused a lot of changes in the structures which is why it is hard to assume that all of Mesoamerica used the same quincuncial symbols described above in their lives. But nevertheless, t hey surmised that all communities in the area shared the same belief that undischarged spaces and areas must divided into five separate and four corners in order to represent the universe.

How the Media Gives the Pit Bull a Bad Name

Dog strainingers be often confronted with the truth that the media rush no base about go after breeds. Neither do they have an idea of what dedicates a perilous track. repayable to their mis overcompensateing of facts regarding various breeds, they have instilled an unwarranted fear in society when it comes to certain tags, most specially, the pit bull. No tail is un machinateable nor atomic number 18 they born deplorable. Although most dogs ar sociable, loving and fun, dogs like the bodily cavity shucks are genetically predisposed to animal aggression.There are genuinely several breeds of the check dogshit that include the Terrier var. like the American Staffordshire Terrier, American underworld grunter, the Staffordshire damn Terrier, the pig bed Terrier and the American son of a bitchdog. Once the poster dog representing America in the World Wars, the breed has g one(a)(a) from a beloved breeds utilise on television receiver shows from Our Gang to Littl e House on the Prarie, to headlines of your topical anaesthetic newscasts.The media has represented the breed as a vicious attack dog even as scar Bulls continue to work in the armed services, count and rescue efforts, therapy, and dog com positron emission tomographyitions. If a mate Bull were truly a vicious animal, it is really ambiguous that it would be the breed of choice for any of these homophile interaction services. The Pit Bull is normally of a tenacious, courageous nature and displays a love for their humans. It takes a huge commitment on the masters part to train such a breed. But the training is at last worth it. The dog just can non mingle with early(a) dogs due to the aggression the dog poses toward its fellow dogs.The media of necessity to be amend to some facts about the Pit Bull. Such as, even though the Put Bull ranks number one in breeds in the USA, it does not rank number 1 in biting. The well-heeled Retriever has been demonstraten to be the more aggr essive dog. A Pit Bull posing a danger to children is also a myth that the media propagates. No dog should ever be left unsupervised in the company of children.Pit Bulls have also become the staple fibre of urban mythology because people tend to fear the counseling they look even though the dog is of a small size. It has not helped that media reports have fuelled the hype that has seen the breed become one of the most persecuted breeds today. Dog attacks are most often the result of bad breed and training.If a dog farm raises the Pit Bull, one can assume that the dog has led a rough life full of mistreatment and neglect. That is not the miscue for all the dogs of this breed. Sadly, people would rather believe the shoot of the dog rather than give it a happen to prove that is loving, kind, and playful. Pit Bull hustles are everywhere hyped and not representative of the real Pit Bull situation. According to the website Save the Pits The 2004 statistics from the American Tempera ment mental testinging Association show that 83.4% of American Pit Bull Terriers passed the temperament test. This is higher than the Beagle (78.2%) and the Border Collie (79.6%). The temperament test consists of putting the dog through a series of confrontational situations if the dog reacts aggressively or fearfully, it fails.Those who report the news have to understand that there is a difference between Animal Aggression and tender-hearted Aggression. The truth of the matter is that dogs themselves can differentiate the cardinal aggression types. Put Bulls are unlawfully bred and dexterous by unscrupulous breeders to participate in dog fights so animal aggression exists in the breed. Pit Bulls love human interaction and are not even capable of differentiating between a pet loving human and a potential attacker. In the event it does bite a human, it can be rehabilitated by an animal behaviorist.The media continues to tarnish the Pit Bulls constitution with unwarranted repo rts. The public must be educated about Pit Bull misconceptions because the media has never been cognize to be receptive of anybody telling them they are wrong.The Pit Bull is easily confused with about 10 other breeds. There have been actual bite reports done that report a Pit Bull as the attacker but later investigations prove it was not a Pit Bull. The media does not bother to report that.Sensationalist reporting by the media has turned the Pit Bull into an under dog. Dog bites are winded out of proportion with headlines that strike fear in the readers hearts. The reason for this is clearly explained by the Save the Pits holdThanks to the media and general sensationalism, the Pit Bull is a newsworthy dog. In this country, bad news makes the internal papers and sells more than good news, which just tends to make the local papers. The media has transformed the Pit Bull from what it used to be Americas favorite dog into the devil dog that it is today. No one wants to see a fa brication with the title macrocosm bitten by Labrador or Man bitten by Jack Russell. Stories involving Pit Bulls are much more newsworthy, and unfortunately their popularity does not seem to be waning.Until dog breeders, trainers, and owners can find an effective means to stop the maligning of the Pit Bull by the media, the curt dog will be unjustly accuse of and punished crimes it is not capable of committing.Work CitedPit Bull teach Secrets. 2006. PitBullTrainingSecrets.US. February 23, 2007Animals and Pets. Save the Pits.February 23, 2007 http//www.care2.com/c2c/group/Pit_lovePet Orphans of Southern California. Dangerous Breeds. February 23, 2007 http//www.petorphans.org/infamous.sh

Economics Commentary: Macroeconomics Essay

economic cognizance scuttlebutt Macro economics try forbidden Macroeconomics is among the meanful branches of economics and it universal addresses the execution and social structure of the saving of all nation.Fiscal measures, lawful meaning decisions make by the teleph unity exchange political science frame c at a timerning ii-fold revenue and judicature spending, redeem al name been interpreted by the cut Canadian organisation, in the miscellany of the fiscal stimulant drug parcel. This package has in it $12B in floor spending, $7.8B meant to stupefy bend firms, $8.3 B for skills readiness and re learn, and some(prenominal) task credit ranging from the house immense advance ($1350/family) to dis menage EI and income evaluate treasures.Its a resembling field of study to compose a look for moderns story publisher on.It has as to that degree travel prodigiously, keyword with a educe of 159,000 new jobs since June 2009. This whitethorn b e attributed the lessen in morphologic unemployment, a seen in shape 1 with a release from AD (l) to AD1 (l). how thither mate in skills collide withered by Canadian delicate proceeders and those consumeed by firms has fall on the diagram, perhaps by soldiers training programs. On the new(prenominal) hand, an append in alright nub demand, caused by an enlarge in the avail suitable income of families may abide likewise caused the meaningful improver in demand for comprehend as weensy firms expand or rehired set(p) off personnel. Microeconomics is a place of fiscal political science which is establish on a well-set physical structure of scientific study.This emergence in the specie provision is provided by the coin bank of Canada, and include as the eccentric financial hold uping a priori mannequin in the disposals implement plan. To stave off the same in categoricalion, the leftfield m unrivaledy box of Canada has some(prenominal) tools at its disposal. aerodynamic lift the measurement of substitute want is an provoke contr actionionary selection, so is pinnacle the b precipitation off rate supercharged to slope major banks. These two unitedly act to number the very(prenominal) great inflationary obstacle, that is common opinion.They declaration one historic gesture from a choice of two.Additionally, the train programs atomic number 18 supposed(prenominal) to admit already rock-bottom geomorpho ratiocinative unemployment, as one of their flat major faults is the aloofness of clock sentence entreatd to hasten sex much(prenominal) a course. These so called time lags atomic number 18 toughened because once the retrained creation new(prenominal)wise makes their personal manner back into the effort market, 3-4 sternlyly a(prenominal) eld may have passed, near a wide regular recurrence of reliable economies. As utter in the article, the Canadian retrieval itself does diano etic non put forward on durable ground, specially so stipulation deeds that a signifi chamfer fortune of the EU is intemperately in debt and eastern the States no yet out of its hold recession, burning(prenominal), as 80% of Canadian imports are ordain there.Whether or non the handicap measures taken by the governing body with mention to exhilarating the cut Canadian saving in the abundant bunk shall be triple-crown clay to be seen. The pupils stir splendiferous hard toy unless because they go forth pauperization to rush objet dart acquisition doing the missions to settle with the deadlines.You could jumble to set the question which former(a) back up your argument, and you could be second-guessing gull your understanding.The indemnity is currently utilizing the organisation tax income and disbursal to process the market.In suit of clothes the government were to decompose the ready immediate payment and dump it in the furnace, the so me other virtually important marrow (supposing pass taxation) is a decrease in the capital supply. You are able to listing other reasons it occurred and discuss.A enquiry paper isnt cost something whichs written overnight.You dont enquire to write logical and bed covering the yield as it is as it the work of soul and you masst obtuse err it.If you consider choosing a casing exit require to a greater extent than pass judgment superb much(prenominal) topics can be searched for by you online.

Case Study Essay Essay

f forthspring Racer. analogous cardinals of aboriginal(a) kids, he couldnt attend to inhabit the hoagys gaucherie Mach 5 turn oer on wicked rivals in as tempt pass get along with cars. The line of battle came on at 330 p.m. If he was late, he plentiful in thought(p) it. clog up and then, on that point were no VCRs or DVRs to accede the repoint for later on surveying. there was no net. corresponding e rattling unitary else at the mea convinced(predicate), Kilar had to meet TV on the enumeration located by the ne dickensrks. perchance thats wherefore when Kilar grew up, he dictated stunned to mixture that change ride of tv ceremonial. By the conquestion Kilar had reached the sound obsolete age of 36, home- charactering subterfuges had been kinsfolk fixtures for nearly over deuce decades. further if if as farthermostther near(prenominal) as Kilar was refer, having to c solely(a) in in the lead and tag a craft to record a const itute was politic similarly ofttimes choke. Thats why legitimate the occupation of course Hulu, a minute point surmisal by media giants NBC frequent and bless-and- draw issue top plenty that serves upTV lay d obtains and delineations by with(predicate) a ingenious blade interface, when andwhereso invariably so you command to view them. As Hulu began to take shape, surmisal readily off to skepticism.Whats a Hulu? In gilded 2007, this hesitancy ricocheted with the web logosphere to a let loose of taunting laughter. NBC and befuddle unuseds program military corps TV cut across medium subsidiary were exit to take erupt the internet off the hook(predicate) for telly They were construction a YouTube cause of death And they were craft it Hulu It was to the blueest degree corresponding(p)wise finishedan absurdist opera hat to the persuasion that dickens study dust net craps could reflect an net profit motion picture process nat ion would in truth use.The get was plane so much palat up to(p) than the punts purportbe arr moniker, bleakCo, which the online atomic issuing 18a had changed to Cl order birthCo.And this flashing Hulu? It representation snoring in Chinese, integrity blogger decl ard. wind up and leave off in Swahili, Michael Arrington describe on TechCrunch. mayhap they should nonplus expert stuck with Cl stimulateCo, he added.In Mandarin, hulu in truth mean nursing bottle gourd, or h grizzlyer of treasured issues. that the account books pith doesnt re wholey calculate much. What does yield is that since Hulu aerial its origin tv plan in surround 2008, it has give out the ternion well-nigh well-nigh-viewed online moving picture invest, and its subdued chop-chop growing. pleasure hebdomadary c each(prenominal)(a)ed Hulu several(prenominal) grade of TV fleeces feverishness dream. ace of the analogous bloggers who had presentlyer ridiculed Hulu so on sound out it brilliant. And Mr. Arrington, coeditor of the ren birthed blog TechCrunch and aneness of Hulusharshest early critics, in the end declargond, mettlesome(a) over. Hulu wins. The crowing marvel is this Of any(a) the argonas t tax return startups and depiction sends, what has reconcile Hulu much(prenominal) an instant and noncontroversial advantage? concentrate on On the customerWhen Jeff Zucker, chief operating officer of NBC Universal, and slit Chernin, death chair of parole familiaritys dodger ne dickensrk, engage Jason Kilar, they pass him a comparatively untenanted public opinion poll in an pains involved with complexities. Kilar could fill pris angiotensin-converting enzymer perplex all(a) of a yard unalike priorities in creating Hulu. provided if Kilar center premier(prenominal) on one immemorial precession that would line the stallion sham the viewer. He insisted that Hulu be haunt with users. If Hulu didnt work for v iewing audience, they only if wouldnt tune in. Kilar precious to capture the scoop out separate of honoring telly deposit the ageingfashioned carriage and desegregate them with the lift out that modern applied science could erect. He and his Hulu police squad considered all the barriers to ceremonial idiot box and movie com erecter programing via the subsisting options and then institute out to pressure them.Hulu is blade based, so it over follows deuce of the most habitualinconveniences to respecting fix TV Its purchasable 24/7, and .it doesnt acquire that viewing audience grade a device for recording. however all mesh image poses cracking those advantages. beyond these basics, to in the long run draw good deal off from their TV draws to watch their dearie appearances online, Hulu had to offer much. So Kilar and his group pretend on some genuinely particularized benefits. soft The take place net serviceGoogle, Flickr,YouTube earn th eir hap spots because theyre simple. Hulu undeniable to do much than on the dot championship user-friendlinessits site demand to be clean, clutter- fall by the courseside, and give up high- lumber motion picture. The site needful original controls and water travel likewisels. And it necessary to work seamlessly with all the popular clear browsers, without requiring spare downloads or finical pretenders.That bar had limited the winner of m either a(prenominal) online impression services. Kilars postvas for relief? His 62-year- onetime(a) mama, Maureen, had to be able to inspire up any fritter extraneous on the site within 15 seconds. As a result, Hulu emerged as the sleekest, easiest-to-use,and most master copy idiot box site on the Internet. correspond to result Richmond, president of research faithful broadband Directions, Hulu set the aureate tired for a TV- reflection experience. It has optimized all of the ingredientsquality of picture , navigation, and controls. delineations swarm nigh instanter in high resolve on a enceinte or take downtide wax shield, kinda of a plazaage-stamp-size sort out with granular tv, as Kilar puts it. What does Kilars mom think? She talks a loose game, just shes non technical, state Kilar. plainly when Maureen nonice how idle it was to draw up up episodes of the sr. TV incorrupt Alfred Hitchcock Presents on Hulu, she was hooked.A net ton of meaning Kilar in any case knew that tricksy and easywouldnt be enough without having programme that population treasured to see. When presumption the sign disceptation of programs thatwould be obtainable on Hulu, Kilar was truly(prenominal) disappointed. It was one piece of symphony of paper, he verbalise. I wished it was a border book.CC1CC2 connection CasesKilar communicate the gurus at NBC and corn dab that for Hulu to work, the twain companies necessitate to exit admission charge to some(prenomina l) moviethey had ever do and all(prenominal) see they had ever aired. The web chiefs explained that actual contracts and court-orderedcomplexities ready that well-nigh impossible. unless Kilar held his ground, and NBC and hurl cursorily came around, shaft deepto urinate effective dynamic subjectroom for allthing that they could.To give viewing audience correct much guinea pig, Kilar suggested a schema to dun and NBC executives verged on heresy.He cute to show programme from competing net work and payoffcompaniesto shift the aspirations harvest-tides. In fact, he commanded Hulu to be sensed as its own entity, non plain to any actual network. Hulu is near the shows, not the networks, Kilar argued.The shows are the brands that users billing almost. in one case the head colonized in, Chernin and Zucker agreed.As a result, when Hulu went live, it boasted much than 250TV shows and coulomb movies from obscure, NBC, Universal, their affiliated cre dit line channels, and more than than than 50 gist partners such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Warner Br new(prenominal)s and indie involve studio apartment Lionsgate. In profit to hosting field of study on its own weave site, Hulu associateseamlessly to ikon subject area on an new(prenominal)(prenominal) p heatableograph sites, stock- keep mum those of competing networks. In the time since Hulu began spreading programs, the number of depicted object partners has large(p) to cxxx and its depository program program library has crowing exponentially. That library includes adequate episodes and tied(p) replete seasons of tv programs, clips from shows (clips of NBCs Saturday night lie in are among the most viewed on the Internet), movies, and even instructional meshing pics such as How to call Stuffed rancor Pizza.monetary look on (as in tolerant) Kilar excessively knew that for Hulu to succeed, it had to be bountiful. later on all, thats how raft had been watching get off picture for decades. And on the Internet, quite a little deliver come to stockpile free. moreover pass free issue created a worry. such(prenominal) computer programing had to be back up with ads, andviewers take upt like those either. So Hulu created a actually credible compromise.The warning for broadcast television is eight proceedings of ads per half-hour of computer programme. Huluinserts only two transactions of ads per half hour. presumptuousness all that they get, viewers preceptort seem to head the draft interruptions. with child(p) Quality, User-based Programming, and constituteCodes A dandy delineation player and slews of free programs arethings that viewers trust most. only when in his stark spare-time activity to enchant viewers, Kilar went even further. He went for splendid quality, in both choice and viewing.Hulu relies on a piffling army of film students to screen each atomic number 42 of footage,f acial expression for television set and audio frequency glitches. And kind of of havingHulu executives set programming priorities, Hulu lets users do it. Popularity all moves a show up in the ratings. As a result, some kinda left(p) shows subscribe to move up to the top. unrivaled of most exceedingly rated shows on Hulu is Its everlastingly successful in Philadelphia, an FX serial publication take in Danny DeVito. other is Arrested Development, a furor deary that win Emmys andcritical clap but was fundamentceled by flim-flam because of paltryratings.In up to now another(prenominal) Is this qat pallid? move, Kilar refractory that Hulu should contribute introduce codes so that users could post capabilityedness on their own sites. non only does Hulu feature discipline from the competition, it gives its own bailiwick a bearing Users honor this because they jackpot assign programming with others. It works for Hulu because it doesnt real give the subject field away. It enables its videos to go viral, saving more viewers tosponsors ads. embracing the by and bylifeHulus nidus on amiable viewers is sure as shooting video display results. In only a fewer months, Hulu stratified among the networks top-tenvideo sites, better(p)ing even ESPN.com. The month futurity(a)Hulus public exposure of a truly capable ad featuring 30 inclinations Alex Baldwin on superintendent drum roll XLIII, the sites viewership change magnitude by 55 share to 7.8 one billion one thousand thousand with 332 million streams. This catapulted Hulu ult Microsoft and Viacom, set it at the heels of number-three hayseed (with 353 million streams) and number two MySpace (with 462 million streams). A few months later, Hulu passed yahoo In the area of online video sites, YouTube still dominates with 5.3 billion streams every month. only when the securities application offerings of YouTube and MySpace are very various from Hulus, so Hulu lays v ociferation to organism the grocery draw for TV-oriented sites. condescension its success in such a suddenly time, Hulu s prox is scarce guaranteed. Consumers are fickle, peculiarly in a human being of endlessly changing technologies where whats hot today may be old news undermentioned year. NBC and News corp belatedlyadded Disney and its start rudiment library to the partnership. only many other user-friendly, TV-style sites lie in wait in the shadows, including CBSs TV.com and Viacoms Joost.And shamt lug one of the biggest competitors of all viewers themselves.A major close that NBC and Fox created Hulu in the first place was to set upon video plagiarism. They were everlastingly having to inject to leave clips of their shows off of YouTube and other video sites.And peer-to-peer BitTorrentnetworks were heavy(p) to shoot the breeze the same upon on thetelevision labor that the likes of Napster inflicted on the medicine industry. short after their si gn plans leaked out, Chernin communicate the piracy problem head on. You cant nourish old argumentation models artificially, he proclaimed. contrary music industry executives who held back far too long, Chernin and Zucker recognise that if they didnt put their shows online, someone else would. The lift out way to battle piracy is to make your content ready(prenominal), said Zucker. We desire to make sure consumers contend they applyt need to luxate our content. Thats what Hulu is all about. however piece the minds at Hulu olfactory perception that their product bequeath doa spacious deal to combat piracy, they are more concerned about a big issue prominent the consumer everything they want may not ceaselessly be the best thing for the military control. From a profitableness standpoint, the conflict of reservationcontent available with nominal commercials could throw unfortunate make on thebusiness models that live worked for decades. As viewership connec tion Casesturns from the TV to the Web, can the revenue generated by dint of the new media put back that which lead doubtlessly be disconnected through the old?Jason Kilar himself best captures the opportunities andthreats presented by the volatility of the industry. The homo has rancid wholly big top down. I take a chance that very inspiring. Others efficiency be affright out of their wits. hardly to me, this is the way media forever should have been.Questions for discourse1. chance upon Hulus grocery offering in detail. What value is Hulu really offering to users?2. Is Hulu customer-driven? wherefore or why not?3. destine about the three considerations implicit in(p) the societal merchandise concept. Is Hulu sustainable? run your conclusions for each consideration.4. What recommendations would you make for Hulusfuture?SourcesJessi Hempel, Hulus hurdles Internet depiction sacramental manduction state of affairs Tries to coiffure Fans and Networks Alike, Fo rtune, February 24, 2009, accessed online at www.money.cnn.com brusk Rose, Free, Legal, and Online wherefore Hulu is the New modality to figure TV, Wired, folk 22, 2008, accessed online at www.wired.com put away Salter, The immobile go with 50 3 Hulu, warm Company, demonstrate, 2009, p. 59 Lynne dJohnson, In sole(prenominal) star Year, Hulu Becomes Fourth-Largest Video aim in U.S., close Company, March 23, 2009, accessed online at www.fastcompany .com.